铁铬液流电池中碳基电极多尺度改性研究现状与展望

Research status and prospect of carbon electrode improving electrochemical activity of iron-chromium flow cells

  • 摘要: 铁铬液流电池(Iron-Chromium Redox Flow Battery,ICRFB)凭借其高安全性、长循环寿命、设计灵活性强以及低维护成本等优势,成为大规模长时储能领域的研究热点。电极作为电池的核心组成部分和电化学反应的主要发生场所,其材料的结构与性能对整体电池效率具有决定性影响。与金属基与复合型电极相比,碳基电极因其成本低、三维导电网络及优异的稳定性等特点,在 ICRFB 中占据主导地位。然而,碳电极的活性位点不足、比表面积有限和电解液浸润性不佳等问题限制了其电化学性能的发挥。本综述聚焦探讨碳电极的多尺度改性策略:通过表面官能团的调控(如羟基,羧基)优化反应动力学,并利用金属/金属化合物/非金属材料负载等方式提高电极的催化活性,以提升电流效率。目前,关于改性机制(如官能团-活性位点构效关系、催化剂界面电荷转移路径)的系统分析仍鲜见报道。本综述进一步从表面工程视角出发,深入解析不同改性策略的增效机制,并介绍相关的高通量计算构建改性策略与性能提升的定量关系模型。本文旨在突破碳电极“活性-稳定性-成本”权衡瓶颈提供理论依据,对推动下一代液流电池关键材料开发具有重要指导意义。

     

    Abstract: The Iron-Chromium Redox Flow Battery (ICRFB) has become one of the research hotspots in the field of large-scale long-duration energy storage due to its advantages such as high safety, long cycle life, strong design flexibility, and low maintenance cost. As the core component of the battery and the main site for electrochemical reactions, the structure and performance of the electrode material play a decisive role in the overall battery efficiency. Compared with metal-based and composite electrodes, carbon-based electrodes dominate in ICRFB due to their advantages such as low cost, three-dimensional conductive network, and excellent stability. However, problems such as insufficient active sites, limited specific surface area, and poor electrolyte wettability severely restrict the electrochemical performance of the battery. This review focuses on the multi-scale modification of carbon electrodes: optimizing the reaction kinetics through the regulation of surface functional groups (such as hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups), and improving the catalytic activity of the electrodes by loading metals/metal compounds/non-metallic materials, etc., to achieve an increase in current efficiency. Existing research still lacks a systematic analysis of the modification mechanisms (such as the structure-activity relationship between functional groups and active sites, and the charge transfer path at the catalyst interface). From the perspective of surface engineering, this review further conducts an in-depth analysis of the enhancement mechanisms of different modification strategies and introduces the relevant quantitative relationship models constructed by high-throughput calculations to link the modification strategies with performance improvement. This article can provide a theoretical basis for breaking through the trade-off bottleneck of "activity-stability-cost" of carbon electrodes and has important guiding significance for promoting the development of key materials for the next generation of redox flow batteries.

     

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