Abstract: High-purity quartz (HPQ) is a critical and strategically important raw material that supports the rapid development of a broad range of emerging and future industries. These include next-generation information technology, new energy systems, photovoltaic manufacturing, semiconductor fabrication, advanced optics, specialty glass, and precision electronics. Owing to its distinctive physicochemical properties—such as extremely low impurity content, exceptional thermal stability, high optical transmittance, and strong resistance to chemical corrosion—HPQ is indispensable for producing semiconductor-grade crucibles, high-performance solar-grade quartz sand, optical fiber preforms, and other high-end functional materials. With the surging global demand for advanced manufacturing, ensuring a stable, secure, and high-quality HPQ supply has become vital for maintaining industrial competitiveness, safeguarding national technological sovereignty, and strengthening strategic supply-chain security. This paper provides a comprehensive and systematic global-scale review of the distribution, geological characteristics, and metallogenic controls of high-quality quartz deposits. Premium HPQ resources are extremely scarce and exhibit significant geographic concentration, with economically viable deposits mainly located in the United States, Norway, Angola, China, and Australia. The dominant deposit types include pegmatitic and hydrothermal vein quartz, both of which typically form within ancient crystalline basements, Precambrian metamorphic belts, and tectonically stable continental blocks. Their formation is strongly influenced by long-lived tectono-magmatic processes, specialized temperature–pressure regimes, and ultrapure mineralizing fluids. These conditions collectively reflect the highly selective and stringent geological settings required to produce HPQ of industrial significance, thereby explaining its global rarity and the limited number of deposits suitable for large-scale commercial development. Within China, high-quality quartz resources are mainly distributed across the Eastern Qinling Mountains in Henan, the Altay region of Xinjiang, the Dabie Mountains in Hubei, and selected areas in Jiangxi and Sichuan provinces. These deposits are characterized by diverse genetic mechanisms—magmatic, hydrothermal, and metamorphic origins—along with relatively concentrated metallogenic epochs spanning the Paleozoic to Mesozoic eras. Many ore bodies display complex zoning patterns, reflecting variations in mineralizing fluid evolution, host rock interactions, and post-magmatic alteration processes. Owing to the collective effect of these factors, the ore quality exhibits substantial heterogeneity, which imposes challenges on both resource assessment and downstream processing. Despite these complexities, China holds several strategic advantages in its HPQ resource base, including large overall reserves, a wide spectrum of ore types capable of meeting differentiated industrial requirements, and rapidly advancing purification and beneficiation technologies. Advances in targeted flotation, high-gradient magnetic separation, multi-stage acid leaching, and environmentally sustainable processing have significantly improved recovery efficiency, final product purity, and production reliability. However, several challenges persist—specifically, insufficient investment in high-purity ore exploration, the absence of a unified industrial evaluation system for run-of-mine quartz materials, and technical standards that lag behind those of global leaders. Consequently, China remains dependent on imports for critical high-end HPQ products used in photovoltaics and semiconductors, creating potential vulnerabilities in strategic supply chains. Given the complex international landscape and rising concerns over resource security, this paper outlines a strategic pathway to enhance China’s HPQ supply resilience. Key actions include expanding geological surveys, refining resource assessment methods, strengthening research on beneficiation and ultrapurification technologies, and diversifying international cooperation channels with resource-rich countries beyond traditional suppliers. Establishing a robust “dual circulation” security system—that combines a strengthened domestic industrial chain with diversified global sourcing—is essential to ensure long-term stability in HPQ supply and to support the sustainable development of high-tech industries.